4.11 — Chars

To this point, the fundamental data types we’ve looked at have been used to hold numbers (integers and floating point) or true/false values (booleans). But what if we want to store letters or punctuation?

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "Would you like a burrito? (y/n)";

    // We want the user to enter a 'y' or 'n' character
    // How do we do this?

    return 0;
}

The char data type was designed to hold a character. A character can be a single letter, number, symbol, or whitespace.

The char data type is an integral type, meaning the underlying value is stored as an integer. Similar to how a Boolean value 0 is interpreted as false and non-zero is interpreted as true, the integer stored by a char variable are intepreted as an ASCII character.

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, and it defines a particular way to represent English characters (plus a few other symbols) as numbers between 0 and 127 (called an ASCII code or code point). For example, ASCII code 97 is interpreted as the character ‘a’.

Character literals are always placed between single quotes (e.g. ‘g’, ‘1’, ‘ ‘).

Here’s a full table of ASCII characters:

Codes 0-31 are called the unprintable chars, and they’re mostly used to do formatting and control printers. Most of these are obsolete now. If you try to print these chars, the results are dependent upon your OS (you may get some emoji-like characters).

Codes 32-127 are called the printable characters, and they represent the letters, number characters, and punctuation that most computers use to display basic English text.

Initializing chars

You can initialize char variables using character literals:

char ch2{ 'a' }; // initialize with code point for 'a' (stored as integer 97) (preferred)

You can initialize chars with integers as well, but this should be avoided if possible

char ch1{ 97 }; // initialize with integer 97 ('a') (not preferred)

char ch{5}; // initialize with integer 5 (stored as integer 5)
char ch{'5'}; // initialize with code point for '5' (stored as integer 53)

Printing chars

When using std::cout to print a char, std::cout outputs the char variable as an ASCII character:

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    char ch1{ 'a' }; // (preferred)
    std::cout << ch1; // cout prints character 'a'

    char ch2{ 98 }; // code point for 'b' (not preferred)
    std::cout << ch2; // cout prints a character ('b')


    return 0;
}

This produces the result:

ab

We can also output char literals directly:

cout << 'c';

This produces the result:

c

Inputting chars

The following program asks the user to input a character, then prints out the character:

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "Input a keyboard character: ";

    char ch{};
    std::cin >> ch;
    std::cout << "You entered: " << ch << '\n';

    return 0;
}

Here’s the output from one run:

Input a keyboard character: q
You entered q

Note that std::cin will let you enter multiple characters. However, variable ch can only hold 1 character. Consequently, only the first input character is extracted into variable ch. The rest of the user input is left in the input buffer that std::cin uses, and can be extracted with subsequent calls to std::cin.

You can see this behavior in the following example:

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "Input a keyboard character: "; // assume the user enters "abcd" (without quotes)

    char ch{};
    std::cin >> ch; // ch = 'a', "bcd" is left queued.
    std::cout << "You entered: " << ch << '\n';

    // Note: The following cin doesn't ask the user for input, it grabs queued input!
    std::cin >> ch; // ch = 'b', "cd" is left queued.
    std::cout << "You entered: " << ch << '\n';
    
    return 0;
}

Input a keyboard character: abcd
You entered: a
You entered: b

If you want to read in more than one char at a time (e.g. to read in a name, word, or sentence), you’ll want to use a string instead of a char. A string is a collection of sequential characters (and thus, a string can hold multiple symbols).

Char size, range, and default sign

Char is defined by C++ to always be 1 byte in size. By default, a char may be signed or unsigned (though it’s usually signed). If you’re using chars to hold ASCII characters, you don’t need to specify a sign (since both signed and unsigned chars can hold values between 0 and 127).

If you’re using a char to hold small integers (something you should not do unless you’re explicitly optimizing for space), you should always specify whether it is signed or unsigned. A signed char can hold a number between -128 and 127. An unsigned char can hold a number between 0 and 255.

Escape sequences

There are some characters in C++ that have special meaning. These characters are called escape sequences. An escape sequence starts with a ‘\’ (backslash) character, and then a following letter or number.

You’ve already seen the most common escape sequence: ‘\n’, which can be used to embed a newline in a string of text:

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "First line\nSecond line\n";
    return 0;
}

This outputs:

First line
Second line

Another commonly used escape sequence is ‘\t’, which embeds a horizontal tab:

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "First part\tSecond part";
    return 0;
}

Which outputs:

First part        Second part

Three other notable escape sequences are:
\’ prints a single quote
\” prints a double quote
\\ prints a backslash

Here’s a table of all of the escape sequences:

Here are some examples:

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << "\"This is quoted text\"\n";
    std::cout << "This string contains a single backslash \\\n";
    std::cout << "6F in hex is char '\x6F'\n";
    return 0;
}

Prints:

"This is quoted text"
This string contains a single backslash \
6F in hex is char 'o'

Newline (\n) vs. std::endl

We cover this topic in lesson 1.5 -- Introduction to iostream: cout, cin, and endl.

What’s the difference between putting symbols in single and double quotes?

Single chars are always put in single quotes (e.g. ‘a’, ‘+’, ‘5’). A char can only represent one symbol (e.g. the letter a, the plus symbol, the number 5). Something like this is illegal:

char ch{'56'}; // a char can only hold one symbol

Text put between double quotes (e.g. “Hello, world!”) is treated as a string.

For now, you’re welcome to use string literals in your code:

std::cout << "Hello, world!"; // "Hello, world!" is a string literal

What about the other char types, wchar_t, char16_t, and char32_t?

wchar_t should be avoided in almost all cases (except when interfacing with the Windows API). Its size is implementation defined, and is not reliable. It has largely been deprecated.

Much like ASCII maps the integers 0-127 to American English characters, other character encoding standards exist to map integers (of varying sizes) to characters in other languages. The most well-known mapping outside of ASCII is the Unicode standard, which maps over 144,000 integers to characters in many different languages. Because Unicode contains so many code points, a single Unicode code point needs 32-bits to represent a character (called UTF-32). However, Unicode characters can also be encoded using multiple 16-bit or 8-bit characters (called UTF-16 and UTF-8 respectively).

char16_t and char32_t were added to C++11 to provide explicit support for 16-bit and 32-bit Unicode characters. char8_t has been added in C++20.

You won’t need to use char8_t, char16_t, or char32_t unless you’re planning on making your program Unicode compatible. Unicode and localization are generally outside the scope of these tutorials, so we won’t cover it further.

In the meantime, you should only use ASCII characters when working with characters (and strings). Using characters from other character sets may cause your characters to display incorrectly.