The C++ Tutorial (Test Site)

Welcome to the LearnCpp.com test site! It’s Thursday 20th of January 2022 01:53:46 AM UTC.

You probably shouldn’t be here — this is where we test updates before pushing them to the main site. Please check out http://www.learncpp.com.

LearnCpp.com is a free website devoted to teaching you how to program in C++. Whether you’ve had any prior programming experience or not, the tutorials on this site will walk you through all the steps to write, compile, and debug your C++ programs, all with plenty of examples.

Becoming an expert won’t happen overnight, but with a little patience, you’ll get there. And LearnCpp.com will show you the way.

Chapter 0		Introduction / Getting Started
	Updated	Introduction to these tutorials
0.2	Revised	Introduction to programming languages
0.3	New	Introduction to C/C++
0.4	Moved	Introduction to C++ development
0.4a	Split	An introduction to the compiler, linker, and libraries
0.5		Installing an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
0.6		Creating a console project and compiling your first program
		A few common C++ problems
		Configuring your compiler: Build configurations
		Configuring your compiler: Compiler extensions
		Configuring your compiler: Warning and error levels

Chapter 1		C++ Basics
1.1		Statements and the structure of a program
1.2		Comments
1.3		Introduction to variables
1.4		Variable assignment and initialization
1.5		Introduction to iostream: cout, cin, and endl
1.6		Uninitialized variables and undefined behaviors
1.7		Keywords and naming identifiers
1.8		Introduction to literals and operators
1.9		Introduction to expressions
1.10		Developing your first program
1.x		Chapter 1 summary and quiz

Chapter 2		C++ Basics: Functions and Files
2.1		Introduction to functions
2.2		Function return values
2.3		Introduction to function parameters and arguments
2.4		Introduction to local scope
2.5		Why functions are useful, and how to use them effectively
2.6		Whitespace and basic formatting
2.7		Forward declarations and definitions
2.8		Programs with multiple code files
2.9		Naming collisions and an introduction to namespaces
2.10		Introduction to the preprocessor
2.11		Header files
2.12		Header guards
2.13		How to design your first programs
2.x		Chapter 2 summary and quiz

Chapter 3		C++ Basics: Debugging
3.1		Types of errors
3.2		The debugging process
3.3		A strategy for debugging
3.4		Basic debugging tactics
3.5		More debugging tactics
3.6		Using an integrated debugger: Stepping
3.7		Using an integrated debugger: Running and breakpoints
3.8		Using an integrated debugger: Watching variables
3.9		Using an integrated debugger: The call stack
3.10		Finding issues before they become problems
3.x		Chapter 3 summary and quiz

Chapter 4		Fundamental Data Types
4.1		Introduction to fundamental data types
4.2		Void
4.3		Object sizes and the sizeof operator
4.4		Signed integers
4.5		Unsigned integers, and why to avoid them
4.6		Fixed-width integers and size_t
4.7		Introduction to scientific notation
4.8		Floating point numbers
4.9		Boolean values
4.10		Introduction to if statements
4.11		Compound statements and nested blocks
4.11		Chars
4.12		An introduction to std::string
4.13		Literals
4.14		Const, constexpr, and symbolic constants
4.x		Chapter 4 summary and quiz

Chapter 5		Operators
5.1		Operator precedence and associativity
5.2		Arithmetic operators
5.3		Modulus and Exponentiation
5.4		Increment/decrement operators, and side effects
5.5		Comma and conditional operators
5.6		Relational operators and floating point comparisons
5.7		Logical operators
5.x		Chapter 5 comprehensive quiz

Chapter O		Miscellaneous
O.1		Bit flags and bit manipulation via std::bitset
O.2		Bitwise operators
O.3		Bit manipulation with bitwise operators and bit masks
O.4		Converting between binary and decimal

Chapter 6		Object Scope
6.1		Compound statements (blocks)
6.2		User-defined namespaces and the scope resolution operator
6.3		Local variables
6.4		Introduction to global variables
6.5		Variable shadowing (name hiding)
6.6		Internal linkage
6.7		External linkage
6.9		Why (non-const) global variables are evil
6.8		Using global constants in multiple files, and inline variables
6.10		Static local variables
6.11		Scope, duration, and linkage summary
6.12		Using declarations and using directives
6.13		Unnamed and inline namespaces
6.x		Chapter 6 summary and quiz

Chapter A		Local and global variables (new)

Chapter 7		Control Flow and Error Handling
7.1		Control flow introduction
7.2		If statements and blocks
7.3		Common if statement problems
7.4		Switch statement basics
7.5		Switch fallthrough and scoping
7.6		Goto statements
7.7		Intro to loops and while statements
7.8		Do while statements
7.9		For statements
7.10		Break and continue
7.11		Halts (exiting your program early)
7.12		Introduction to testing your code
7.13		Code coverage
7.14		Common semantic errors in C++
7.15		Detecting and handling errors
7.16		std::cin and handling invalid input
7.17		assert and static_assert
7.x		Chapter 7 summary and quiz

Chapter 8		Type conversions and function overloading (new)
8.1		Implicit type conversion (coercion)
8.2		Floating-point and integral promotion
8.3		Numeric conversions
8.4		Arithmetic conversions
8.5		Explicit type conversion (casting)
8.6		Typedefs and type aliases
8.7		Type deduction for objects using the auto keyword
8.8		Type deduction for functions
8.9		Introduction to function overloading
8.10		Function overload differentiation
8.11		Overloaded function resolution
8.12		Default arguments
8.13		Function templates
8.14		Function template instantiation
8.15		Function templates with multiple template types
		8.x+-+Chapter+8+summary+and+quiz

Chapter 9		Compound Types (draft)
8.1		Introduction to compound data types
8.2		Value categories (r-values and l-values)
8.3		L-value references
8.4		L-value references to const
8.5		Pass by reference
8.6		Pointers
8.7		Null pointers
8.8		Pointers and const
8.9		Pass by address
8.10		Return by reference and return by address
8.11		Introduction to program-defined types
8.2		Introduction to unscoped enumerations
8.3		Unscoped enumeration input and output
8.3		Scoped enumerations (enum classes)
8.12		Struct definition and member selection
8.13		Struct initialization
8.14		Struct passing and miscellany

Chapter 10		Arrays, Strings, and Vectors (draft)
7.11		Introduction to class types
5.9		Random number generation
7.x		Chapter 7 summary and quiz

Chapter 11		Dynamic memory allocation
10.2		In and out parameters

Chapter 6		Arrays, Strings, Pointers, and References (old)
6.1	Updated Jul 22	Arrays (Part I)
6.2	Updated Jul 27	Arrays (Part II)
6.3	Updated Jul 27	Arrays and loops
6.3a	New Jul 31	For each loops
6.4	Updated Aug 3	Sorting an array using selection sort
6.5	Updated Aug 5	Multidimensional arrays
6.6	Updated Aug 9	C-style strings
6.6a	New Oct 29	An introduction to std::string_view
6.7	Updated Aug 12	Introduction to pointers
6.7a	New Aug 12	Null pointers
6.8	Updated Aug 24	Pointers and arrays
6.8a	New Aug 15	Pointer arithmetic and array indexing
6.8b	New Aug 15	C-style string symbolic constants
6.9	Updated Aug 18	Dynamic memory allocation with new and delete
6.9a	New Aug 18	Dynamically allocating arrays
6.10	Updated Aug 20	Pointers and const
6.11	Updated Sep 7	Reference variables
6.12	Updated Aug 21	Member selection with pointers and references
6.13	Updated Aug 25	Void pointers
6.14	New Sep 14	Pointers to pointers
6.15	New Sep 14	An introduction to std::array
6.16		An introduction to std::vector
6.17		Introduction to iterators

Chapter 7		Functions
7.1		Function parameters and arguments
7.2		Passing arguments by value
7.3		Passing arguments by reference
7.4		Passing arguments by address
7.4a		Returning values by value, reference, and address
7.5		Inline functions
7.6		Function overloading
7.7		Default parameters
7.8		Function pointers
7.9		The stack and the heap
7.10		Recursion
7.11		(“Namespaces” moved to 4.3a)
7.12		Handling errors (assert, cerr, exit, and exceptions)
7.13		Command line arguments
7.14		Ellipses (and why to avoid them)

Chapter 8		Basic object-oriented programming
8.1		Welcome to object-oriented programming
8.2		Classes and class members
8.3		Public vs private access specifiers
8.4		Access functions and encapsulation
8.5		Constructors
8.6		Destructors
8.7		The hidden “this” pointer
8.8		Constructors (Part II)
8.9		Class code and header files
8.10		Const class objects and member functions
8.11		Static member variables
8.12		Static member functions
8.13		Friend functions and classes
8.14		Anonymous variables and objects

Chapter 9		Operator overloading
9.1		Introduction to operator overloading
9.2		Overloading the arithmetic operators
9.3		Overloading the I/O operators
9.4		Overloading the comparison operators
9.5		Overloading unary operators +, -, and !
9.6		Overloading operators using member functions
9.7		Overloading the increment and decrement operators
9.8		Overloading the subscript operator
9.9		Overloading the parenthesis operator
9.10		Overloading typecasts
9.11		The copy constructor and overloading the assignment operator
9.12		Shallow vs. deep copying

Chapter 10		Composition
10.1		Constructor initialization lists
10.2		Composition
10.3		Aggregation
10.4		Container classes

Chapter 11		Inheritance
11.1		Introduction to inheritance
11.2		Basic inheritance in C++
11.3		Order of construction of derived classes
11.4		Constructors and initialization of derived classes
11.5		Inheritance and access specifiers
11.6		Adding, changing, and hiding members in a derived class
11.7		Multiple inheritance
11.8		Virtual base classes

Chapter 12		Virtual Functions
12.1		Pointers and references to the base class of derived objects
12.2		Virtual functions and polymorphism
12.3		Virtual destructors, virtual assignment, and overriding virtualization
12.4		Early binding and late binding
12.5		The virtual table
12.6		Pure virtual functions, abstract base classes, and interface classes

Chapter 13		Input and output (I/O)
13.1		Input and output (I/O) streams
13.2		Input with istream
13.3		Output with ostream and ios
13.4		Stream classes for strings
13.5		Stream states and input validation
13.6		Basic file I/O
13.7		Random file I/O

Chapter 14		Templates
14.1		Function templates
14.2		Function template instances
14.3		Template classes
14.4		Expression parameters and template specialization
14.5		Class template specialization
14.6		Partial template specialization

Chapter 15		Exceptions
15.1		The need for exceptions
15.2		Basic exception handling
15.3		Exceptions, functions, and stack unwinding
15.4		Uncaught exceptions, catch-all handlers, and exception specifiers
15.5		Exceptions, classes, and inheritance
15.6		Exception dangers and downsides
14.9	New	Exception specifiers and noexcept
15.4a	New	std::move_if_noexcept

Chapter 16		The Standard Template Library
16.1		The Standard Template Library (STL)
16.2		STL containers overview
16.3		STL iterators overview
16.4		STL algorithms overview

Chapter 17		std::string
17.1		std::string and std::wstring
17.2		std::string construction and destruction
17.3		std::string length and capacity
17.4		std::string character access and conversion to C-style arrays
17.5		std::string assignment and swapping
17.6		std::string appending
17.7		std::string inserting

Appendix A		Miscellaneous Subjects
A.1		Static and dynamic libraries
A.2		Using libraries with Visual Studio Express 2005
A.3		Using libraries with Code::Blocks

Appendix B		C++11 (Formerly C++0x)
B.1		Introduction to C++11
B.2		Long long, auto, decltype, nullptr, and enum classes
B.3		Range-based for statements and static_assert
B.4		Initializer lists and uniform initialization
B.5		Delegating constructors
B.6		New virtual function controls (override, final, default, and delete)

Search

The C++ Tutorial (Test Site)

Recent Posts

Meta