In lesson , we noted that a variable or function identifier can only have one definition (the one definition rule). Thus, a program that defines a variable identifier more than once will cause a compile error: int main() { int x; // this is a definition for variable x int …
In this chapter, we explored the meat of C++ — object-oriented programming! This is the most important chapter in the tutorial series. Classes allow you to create your own data types that bundle both data and functions that work on that data. Data and functions inside the class are called …
When writing a class that has multiple constructors (which is most of them), having to specify default values for all members in each constructor results in redundant code. If you update the default value for a member, you need to touch each constructor. It’s possible to give normal class member …
Another chapter down! The next chapter is the best one, and you’re almost there! There’s just this pesky quiz to get past… Function arguments can be passed by value, reference or address. Use pass by value for fundamental data types and enumerators. Use pass by reference for structs, classes, or …
In lesson , we introduced std::vector and talked about how std::vector can be used as a dynamic array that both remembers its length and can be dynamically resized as required. Although this is the most useful and commonly used part of std::vector, std::vector has some additional attributes and capabilities that …
Congratulations on reaching the end of the longest chapter in the tutorials! Unless you have previous programming experience, this chapter was probably the most challenging one so far. If you made it this far, you’re doing great! The good news is that the next chapter is easy in comparison. And …
In the previous lesson, we introduced std::array, which provides the functionality of C++’s built-in fixed arrays in a safer and more usable form. Analogously, the C++ standard library provides functionality that makes working with dynamic arrays safer and easier. This functionality is named std::vector. Unlike std::array, which closely follows the …
In previous lessons, we’ve talked at length about fixed and dynamic arrays. Although both are built right into the C++ language, they both have downsides: Fixed arrays decay into pointers, losing the array length information when they do, and dynamic arrays have messy deallocation issues and are challenging to resize …
This lesson is optional, for advanced readers who want to learn more about C++. No future lessons build on this lesson. A pointer to a pointer is exactly what you’d expect: a pointer that holds the address of another pointer. Pointers to pointers A normal pointer to an int is …
In the previous lesson on bitwise operators (), we discussed how the various bitwise operators apply logical operators to each bit within the operands. Now that we understand how they function, let’s take a look at how they’re more commonly used. In order to manipulate individual bits (e.g. turn them …
