In addition to dynamically allocating single values, we can also dynamically allocate arrays of variables. Unlike a fixed array, where the array size must be fixed at compile time, dynamically allocating an array allows us to choose an array length at runtime. To allocate an array dynamically, we use the …
C-style string symbolic constants In a previous lesson, we discussed how you could create and initialize a C-style string, like this: #include <iostream> int main() { char myName[]{ “Alex” }; // fixed array std::cout << myName << ‘\n’; return 0; } C++ also supports a way to create C-style string …
The C++ language allows you to perform integer addition or subtraction operations on pointers. If ptr points to an integer, ptr + 1 is the address of the next integer in memory after ptr. ptr – 1 is the address of the previous integer before ptr. Note that ptr + …
In the previous lesson (), we covered the basics of pointers, which are objects that hold the address of another object. This address can be dereferenced using the dereference operator (*) to get the value at that address: #include <iostream> int main() { int x{ 5 }; std::cout << x; …
Now that we’ve covered what functions are and some of their basic capabilities, let’s take a closer look at why they’re useful. New programmers often ask, “Can’t we just put all the code inside the main function?” For simple programs, you absolutely can. However, functions provide a number of benefits …
In lesson , we showed examples where we used a for loop to iterate through each element of an array. For example: #include <iostream> #include <iterator> // std::size int main() { constexpr int scores[]{ 84, 92, 76, 81, 56 }; constexpr int numStudents{ std::size(scores) }; int maxScore{ 0 }; // …
There’s a subtle redundancy lurking in this simple variable definition: double d{ 5.0 }; Because C++ is a strongly-typed language, we are required to provide an explicit type for all objects. Thus, we’ve specified that variable d is of type double. However, the literal value 5.0 used to initialize d …
Chapter Review The specific sequence of statements that the CPU executes in a program is called the program’s . A takes the same path every time it is run. (also called ) allow the programmer to change the normal path of execution. When a control flow statement causes the program …
We covered a lot of material in this chapter. Good job, you’re doing great! A or is a group of zero or more statements that is treated by the compiler as if it were a single statement. Blocks begin with a { symbol, end with a } symbol, with the …
The very first C++ program you wrote probably looked something like this: #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << “Hello, world!\n”; return 0; } So what is “Hello, world!” exactly? “Hello, world!” is a collection of sequential characters called a string. In C++, we use strings to represent text (such …
