In lesson , we showed examples where we used a for loop to iterate through each element of an array. For example: #include <iostream> #include <iterator> // std::size int main() { constexpr int scores[]{ 84, 92, 76, 81, 56 }; constexpr int numStudents{ std::size(scores) }; int maxScore{ 0 }; // …
There’s a subtle redundancy lurking in this simple variable definition: double d{ 5.0 }; Because C++ is a strongly-typed language, we are required to provide an explicit type for all objects. Thus, we’ve specified that variable d is of type double. However, the literal value 5.0 used to initialize d …
Chapter Review The specific sequence of statements that the CPU executes in a program is called the program’s . A takes the same path every time it is run. (also called ) allow the programmer to change the normal path of execution. When a control flow statement causes the program …
We covered a lot of material in this chapter. Good job, you’re doing great! A or is a group of zero or more statements that is treated by the compiler as if it were a single statement. Blocks begin with a { symbol, end with a } symbol, with the …
The very first C++ program you wrote probably looked something like this: #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << “Hello, world!\n”; return 0; } So what is “Hello, world!” exactly? “Hello, world!” is a collection of sequential characters called a string. In C++, we use strings to represent text (such …
Although unscoped enumerations are distinct types in C++, they are not type safe, and in some cases will allow you to do things that don’t make sense. Consider the following case: #include <iostream> int main() { enum Color { red, blue, }; enum Fruit { banana, apple, }; Color color …
In lesson , we discussed that the compiler can implicitly convert a value from one data type to another through a system called implicit type conversion. When you want to numerically promote a value from one data type to a wider data type, using implicit type conversion is fine. Many …
If you were to ask a veteran programmer for one piece of advice on good programming practices, after some thought, the most likely answer would be, “Avoid global variables!”. And with good reason: global variables are one of the most historically abused concepts in the language. Although they may seem …
In lesson , we introduced local variables, which are variables that are defined inside a function (including function parameters). It turns out that C++ actually doesn’t have a single attribute that defines a variable as being a local variable. Instead, local variables have several different properties that differentiate how local …
So far, all of the variables we’ve seen have been non-constant — that is, their values can be changed at any time. For example: int x { 4 }; // initialize x with the value of 4 x = 5; // change value of x to 5 However, it’s sometimes …
