This chapter builds on top of the concepts from lesson . A quick review follows: In mathematics, an is a mathematical calculation involving zero or more input values (called ) that produces a new value (called an output value). The specific operation to be performed is denoted by a construct …
The smallest unit of memory is a , also called a . The smallest unit amount of memory that can be addressed directly is a . The modern standard is that a byte equals 8 bits. A tells the compiler how to interpret the contents of memory in some meaningful …
In programming, a is a fixed value that may not be changed. C++ has two kinds of constants: literal constants, and symbolic constants. We’ll cover literal constants in this lesson, and symbolic constants in the next lesson (). (usually just called ) are unnamed values inserted directly into the code. …
To this point, the fundamental data types we’ve looked at have been used to hold numbers (integers and floating point) or true/false values (booleans). But what if we want to store letters or punctuation? #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << “Would you like a burrito? (y/n)”; // We want …
In real-life, it’s common to ask or be asked questions that can be answered with “yes” or “no”. “Is an apple a fruit?” Yes. “Do you like asparagus?” No. Now consider a similar statement that can be answered with a “true” or “false”: “Apples are a fruit”. It’s clearly true. …
Integers are great for counting whole numbers, but sometimes we need to store very large numbers, or numbers with a fractional component. A floating point type variable is a variable that can hold a real number, such as 4320.0, -3.33, or 0.01226. The floating part of the name floating point …
An is an integral type that can represent positive and negative whole numbers, including 0 (e.g. -2, -1, 0, 1, 2). C++ has 4 different fundamental integer types available for use: The key difference between the various integer types is that they have varying sizes — the larger integers can …
As you learned in the lesson , memory on modern machines is typically organized into byte-sized units, with each byte of memory having a unique address. Up to this point, it has been useful to think of memory as a bunch of cubbyholes or mailboxes where we can put and …
Consider the following series of statements: // five() is a function that returns the value 5 int five() { return 5; } int main() { int a{ 2 }; // initialize variable a with literal value 2 int b{ 2 + 3 }; // initialize variable b with computed value …
C++ reserves a set of 92 words (as of C++20) for its own use. These words are called keywords (or reserved words), and each of these keywords has a special meaning within the C++ language. Here is a list of all the C++ keywords (through C++20): alignas alignof and and_eq …
