Let’s say you’ve written a program, and it’s not working correctly — the code all compiles fine, but when you run it, you’re getting an incorrect result. You must have a semantic error somewhere. How can you find it? If you’ve been following best practices by writing a little bit …
Software errors are prevalent. It’s easy to make them, and it’s hard to find them. In this chapter, we’ll explore topics related to the finding and removal of bugs within our C++ programs, including learning how to use the integrated debugger that is part of our IDE. Although debugging tools …
A is a reusable sequence of statements designed to do a particular job. Functions you write yourself are called functions. A is an expression that tells the CPU to execute a function. The function initiating the function call is the , and the function being called is the or function. …
Consider the following program: #include <iostream> int main() { // get a value from the user std::cout << “Enter an integer: “; int num{}; std::cin >> num; // print the value doubled std::cout << num << ” doubled is: ” << num * 2 << ‘\n’; return 0; } This …
The preceding lessons have introduced a lot of terminology and concepts that we’ll use in just about every program we create. In this lesson, we’ll walk through the process of integrating this knowledge into our first simple program. First, let’s create a program that asks the user to enter an …
Consider the following two statements: std::cout << “Hello world!”; int x{ 5 }; What are “Hello world!” and 5? They are literals. A (also known as a ) is a fixed value that has been inserted directly into the source code. Literals and variables both have a value (and a …
Unlike some programming languages, C/C++ does not initialize most variables to a given value (such as zero) automatically. Thus when a variable is assigned a memory location by the compiler, the default value of that variable is whatever (garbage) value happens to already be in that memory location! A variable …
In the previous lesson (), we covered how to define a variable that we can use to store values. In this lesson, we’ll explore how to actually put values into variables and use those values. As a reminder, here’s a short snippet that first allocates a single integer variable named …
When you write your programs, the compiler will check to ensure you’ve followed the rules of the C++ language (assuming you’ve turned off compiler extensions, as per lesson ). If you have done something that definitively violates the rules of the language, during compilation the compiler will emit an , …
The C++ standard defines rules about how programs should behave in specific circumstances. And in most cases, compilers will follow these rules. However, many compilers implement their own changes to the language, often to enhance compatibility with other versions of the language (e.g. C99), or for historical reasons. These compiler-specific …
