In the introduction to inheritance lesson, we mentioned that one of the biggest benefits of using derived classes is the ability to reuse already written code. You can inherit the base class functionality and then add new functionality, modify existing functionality, or hide functionality you don’t want. In this lesson, we’ll take a closer look at how this is done.
First, let’s start with a simple base class:
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#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { protected: int m_nValue; public: Base(int nValue) : m_nValue(nValue) { } void Identify() { cout << "I am a Base" << endl; } }; |
Now, let’s create a derived class that inherits from Base. Because we want Derived to be able to set the value of m_nValue when Derived objects are instantiated, we’ll make the Derived constructor call the Base constructor in the initialization list.
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class Derived: public Base { public: Derived(int nValue) :Base(nValue) { } }; |
We’ll develop Derived over the course of this lesson.
Adding new functionality
Because we have access to the source code of the Base class, we could add functionality directly to Base. However, there may be times when we do not want to, or can not. Consider the case where you have just purchased a library of code from a 3rd party vendor, but need some extra functionality. You could add to the original code, but this isn’t the best solution. What if the vendor sends you an update? Either your additions will be overwritten, or you’ll have to manually migrate them. It’s also common to for developers to release header files containing class definitions, but release the implementation code precompiled -- this means you can use the code, but you won’t have the ability to modify it directly.
In either case, the best answer is to derive your own class, and add the functionality you want to the derived class.
One obvious omission from the Base class is a way for the public to access m_nValue. Normally we’d write an access function in the Base class -- but for the sake of example we’re going to add it to the derived class instead. Because m_nValue has been declared as protected in the Base class, Derived has direct access to it.
To add new functionality to a derived class, simply declare that functionality in the derived class like normal:
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class Derived: public Base { public: Derived(int nValue) :Base(nValue) { } int GetValue() { return m_nValue; } }; |
Now the public will be able to call GetValue() in order to access the value of m_nValue.
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int main() { Derived cDerived(5); cout << "cDerived has value " << cDerived.GetValue() << endl; return 0; } |
This produces the result:
cDerived has value 5
Although it may be obvious, objects of type Base have no access to the GetValue() function in Derived. The following does not work:
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int main() { Base cBase(5); cout << "cBase has value " << cBase.GetValue() << endl; return 0; } |
This is because there is no GetValue() function in Base. GetValue() belongs to Derived. Because Derived is a Base, Derived has access to stuff in Base. However, Base does not have access to anything in Derived.
Redefining functionality
When a member function is called with a derived class object, the compiler first looks to see if that member exists in the derived class. If not, it begins walking up the inheritance chain and checking whether the member has been defined in any of the inherited classes. It uses the first one it finds.
Consequently, take a look at the following example:
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int main() { Base cBase(5); cBase.Identify(); Derived cDerived(7); cDerived.Identify() return 0; } |
This prints
I am a Base I am a Base
When cDerived.Identify() is called, the compiler looks to see if Identify() has been defined in the Derived class. It hasn’t. Then it starts looking in the inherited classes (which in this case is Base). Base has defined a Identify() function, so it uses that one. In other words, Base::Identify() was used because Derived::Identify() doesn’t exist.
However, if we had defined Derived::Identify() in the Derived class, it would have been used instead. This means that we can make functions work differently with our derived classes by redefining them in the derived class!
In our above example, it would be more accurate if cDerived.Identify() printed “I am a Derived”. Let’s modify Identify() so it returns the correct response when we call Identify() with a Derived object.
To modify a function the way a function defined in a base class works in the derived class, simply redefine the function in the derived class.
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class Derived: public Base { public: Derived(int nValue) :Base(nValue) { } int GetValue() { return m_nValue; } // Here's our modified function void Identify() { cout << "I am a Derived" << endl; } }; |
Here’s the same example as above, using the new Derived::Identify() function:
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int main() { Base cBase(5); cBase.Identify(); Derived cDerived(7); cDerived.Identify() return 0; } |
I am a Base I am a Derived
Note that when you redefine a function in the derived class, the derived function does not inherit the access specifier of the function with the same name in the base class. It uses whatever access specifier it is defined under in the derived class. Therefore, a function that is defined as private in the base class can redefined as public in the derived class, or vice-versa!
Adding to existing functionality
Sometimes we don’t want to completely replace a base class function, but instead want to add additional functionality to it. In the above example, note that Derived::Identify() completely hides Base::Identify()! This may not be what we want. It is possible to have our Derived function call the Base function of the same name (in order to reuse code) and then add additional functionality to it.
To have a derived function call a base function of the same name, simply do a normal function call, but prefix the function with the scope qualifier (the name of the base class and two colons). The following example redefines Derived::Identify() so it first calls Base::Identify() and then does it’s own additional stuff.
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class Derived: public Base { public: Derived(int nValue) :Base(nValue) { } int GetValue() { return m_nValue; } void Identify() { Base::Identify(); // call Base::Identify() first cout << "I am a Derived"; // then identify ourselves } }; |
Now consider the following example:
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int main() { Base cBase(5); cBase.Identify(); Derived cDerived(7); cDerived.Identify() return 0; } |
I am a Base I am a Base I am a Derived
When cDerived.Identify() is executed, it resolves to Derived::Identify(). However, the first thing Derived::Identify() does is call Base::Identify(), which prints “I am a Base”. When Base::Identify() returns, Derived::Identify() continues executing and prints “I am a Derived”.
This is all pretty straightforward. The real lesson to take away from this is that if you want to call a function in a base class that has been redefined in the derived class, you need to use the scope resolution operator (::) to explicitly say which version of the function you want.
If we had defined Derived::Identify() like this:
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void Identify() { Identify(); // Note: no scope resolution! cout << "I am a Derived"; // then identify ourselves } |
Identify() without a scope resolution qualifier would default to the Identify() in the current class, which would be Derived::Identify(). This would cause Derived::Identify() to call itself, which would lead to an infinite loop!
Hiding functionality
In C++, it is not possible to remove functionality from a class. However, it is possible to hide existing functionality.
As mentioned above, if you redefine a function, it uses whatever access specifier it’s declared under in the derived class. Therefore, we could redefine a public function as private in our derived class, and the public would lose access to it. However, C++ also gives us the ability to change a base member’s access specifier in the derived class without even redefining the member! This is done by simply naming the member (using the scope resolution operator) to have it’s access changed in the derived class under the new access specifier.
For example, consider the following Base:
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class Base { private: int m_nValue; public: Base(int nValue) : m_nValue(nValue) { } protected: void PrintValue() { cout << m_nValue; } }; |
Because Base::PrintValue() has been declared as protected, it can only be called by Base or it’s derived classes. The public can not access it.
Let’s define a Derived class that changes the access specifier of PrintValue() to public:
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class Derived: public Base { public: Derived(int nValue) : Base(nValue) { } // Base::PrintValue was inherited as protected, so the public has no access // But we're changing it to public by declaring it in the public section Base::PrintValue; }; |
This means that this code will now work:
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int main() { Derived cDerived(7); // PrintValue is public in Derived, so this is okay cDerived.PrintValue(); // prints 7 return 0; } |
Note that Base::PrintValue does not have the function call operator (()) attached to it.
We can also use this to make public members private:
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class Base { public: int m_nValue; }; class Derived: public Base { private: Base::m_nValue; public: Derived(int nValue) { m_nValue = nValue; } }; int main() { Derived cDerived(7); // The following won't work because m_nValue has been redefined as private cout << cDerived.m_nValue; return 0; } |
Note that this allowed us to take a poorly designed base class and encapsulate it’s data in our derived class.
(Alternatively, instead of inheriting Base’s members publicly and making m_nValue private by overriding it’s access specifier, we could have inherited Base privately, which would have caused all of Base’s member to be inherited privately in the first place).
One word of caution: you can only change the access specifiers of base members the class would normally be able to access. Therefore, you can never change the access specifier of a base member from private to protected or public, because derived classes do not have access to private members of the base class.
 11.7 -- Multiple inheritance
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 Index
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 11.5 -- Inheritance and access specifiers
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onths earlier.
A good way to find out when the media is perfecting spring stories will be to contact all the advertising department of your outlet along with request a new media equipment.
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A good way to find out when the media is perfecting spring stories will be to contact all the advertising department of your outlet along with request a new media equipment.
This set up tells marketers what reports or topics are going to be highlighted during each issue in order that advertisers are able to submit most of the ads by the proper night out.It's referred to as an article calendar.
Editorial Calendars show you what reports, feature testimonies, product reviews as well as other editorial content that a media wall plug (publication - newspaper, mag, web site, etc.) has scheduled to pay down the road.
Many media kits by using editorial calendars are offered internet, so when you have a special publication which includes a web appeal, you should find things you need at their own site.
Getting a piece of writing or feature written about your product may seem like a painful and time-consuming endeavor.
On the other hand, if you are aware of in advance than a certain publication will be concentrating against your specific markets or theme, reporters may well be more willing to read information pertaining to your merchandise and take cell phone calls from you will.In fact, the reporter are going to be thankful as you have simply made the job better.Instead with him being forced to go look for information pertaining to his scenario, you will be bringing them to the pup.
Winter months season is upon united states.Instead with dreaming of your thaw, you have to be already taking care of warmer pr.
Most magazines are actually thinking associated with stories with a spring/summer viewpoint.So you have to be thinking that way, too -- if you need to beat your competitors and see some coveted insurance.That usually means start emphasizing Mother's Day time, Father's Evening and graduations.
Precisely why so early? Because of several media outlets' development schedules -- most notably magazines --reporters often take effect on temporary stories 4-6 months earlier.
A good way to find out when the media is perfecting spring stories will be to contact all the advertising department of your outlet along with request a new media equipment.
This set up tells marketers what reports or topics are going to be highlighted during each issue in order that advertisers are able to submit most of the ads by the proper night out.It's referred to as an article calendar.
Editorial Calendars show you what reports, feature testimonies, product reviews as well as other editorial content that a media wall plug (publication - newspaper, mag, web site, etc.) has scheduled to pay down the road.
Many media kits by using editorial calendars are offered internet, so when you have a special publication which includes a web appeal, you should find things you need at their own site.
Getting a piece of writing or feature written about your product may seem like a painful and time-consuming endeavor.
On the other hand, if you are aware of in advance than a certain publication will be concentrating against your specific markets or theme, reporters may well be more willing to read information pertaining to your merchandise and take cell phone calls from you will.In fact, the reporter are going to be thankful as you have simply made the job better.Instead with him being forced to go look for information pertaining to his scenario, you will be bringing them to the pup.
Here's the task:
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6.Often it safer to record your Content Opportunities list if you ever enter all the information into a fabulous spreadsheet, such when Excel so that you can easily include, subtract, and organize opportunities because you act on them.
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May
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June
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-Father's Day
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