In addition to container classes and iterators, STL also provides a number of generic algorithms for working with the elements of the container classes. These allow you to do things like search, sort, insert, reorder, remove, and copy elements of the container class.
Note that algorithms are implemented as functions that operate using iterators. This means that each algorithm only needs to be implemented once, and it will generally automatically work for all containers that provides a set of iterators (including your custom container classes). While this is very powerful and can lead to the ability to write complex code very quickly, it’s also got a dark side: some combination of algorithms and container types may not work, may cause infinite loops, or may work but be extremely poor performing. So use these at your risk.
STL provides quite a few algorithms -- we will only touch on some of the more common and easy to use ones here. The rest (and the full details) will be saved for a chapter on STL algorithms.
To use any of the STL algorithms, simply include the algorithm header file.
min_element and max_element
The std::min_element and std::max_element algorithms find the min and max element in a container class. std::iota generates a contiguous series of values.
#include <algorithm> // std::min_element and std::max_element
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <numeric> // std::iota
int main()
{
std::list<int> li(6);
// Fill li with numbers starting at 0.
std::iota(li.begin(), li.end(), 0);
std::cout << *std::min_element(li.begin(), li.end()) << ' '
<< *std::max_element(li.begin(), li.end()) << '\n';
return 0;
}Prints:
0 5
find (and list::insert)
In this example, we’ll use the std::find() algorithm to find a value in the list class, and then use the list::insert() function to add a new value into the list at that point.
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <numeric>
int main()
{
std::list<int> li(6);
std::iota(li.begin(), li.end(), 0);
// Find the value 3 in the list
auto it{ std::find(li.begin(), li.end(), 3) };
// Insert 8 right before 3.
li.insert(it, 8);
for (int i : li) // for loop with iterators
std::cout << i << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}This prints the values
0 1 2 8 3 4 5
When a searching algorithm doesn’t find what it was looking for, it returns the end iterator.
If we didn’t know for sure that 3 is an element of li, we’d have to check if std::find found it before we use the returned iterator for anything else.
if (it == li.end())
{
std::cout << "3 was not found\n";
}
else
{
// ...
}sort and reverse
In this example, we’ll sort a vector and then reverse it.
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
int main()
{
std::vector<int> vect{ 7, -3, 6, 2, -5, 0, 4 };
// sort the vector
std::sort(vect.begin(), vect.end());
for (int i : vect)
{
std::cout << i << ' ';
}
std::cout << '\n';
// reverse the vector
std::reverse(vect.begin(), vect.end());
for (int i : vect)
{
std::cout << i << ' ';
}
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}This produces the result:
-5 -3 0 2 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 0 -3 -5
Alternatively, we could pass a custom comparison function as the third argument to std::sort. There are several comparison functions in the <functional> header which we can use so we don’t have to write our own. We can pass std::greater to std::sort and remove the call to std::reverse. The vector will be sorted from high to low right away.
Note that std::sort() doesn’t work on list container classes -- the list class provides its own sort() member function, which is much more efficient than the generic version would be.
Conclusion
Although this is just a taste of the algorithms that STL provides, it should suffice to show how easy these are to use in conjunction with iterators and the basic container classes. There are enough other algorithms to fill up a whole chapter!