In certain cases, we need a variable only temporarily. For example, consider the following situation: #include <iostream> int add(int x, int y) { int sum{ x + y }; return sum; } int main() { std::cout << add(5, 3) << ‘\n’; return 0; } In the add() function, note that …
I just wanted to take a moment and wish everybody a very happy holiday season! In the 8 months this site has been in existence, we have had over 140,000 page views! I’d like to give special thanks to those of you who have taken the time to give feedback, …
In the last chapter, we discussed object composition, where complex classes are constructed from simpler classes and types. Object composition is perfect for building new objects that have a “has-a” relationship with their parts. However, object composition is just one of the two major ways that C++ lets you construct …
In this section, we’ll address some of the common issues that new programmers seem to run across with fairly high probability. This is not meant to be a comprehensive list of compilation or execution problems, but rather a pragmatic list of solutions to very basic issues. If you have any …
In real life, we use containers all the time. Your breakfast cereal comes in a box, the pages in your book come inside a cover and binding, and you might store any number of items in containers in your garage. Without containers, it would be extremely inconvenient to work with …
In the previous lesson , we noted that object composition is the process of creating complex objects from simpler ones. We also talked about one type of object composition, called composition. In a composition relationship, the whole object is responsible for the existence of the part. In this lesson, we’ll …
In real-life, complex objects are often built from smaller, simpler objects. For example, a car is built using a metal frame, an engine, some tires, a transmission, a steering wheel, and a large number of other parts. A personal computer is built from a CPU, a motherboard, some memory, etc… …
In the previous lessons ( and ), you learned how to use the debugger to watch the path of execution through your program. However, stepping through a program is only half of what makes the debugger useful. The debugger also lets you examine the value of variables as you step …
When you run your program, execution begins at the top of the main function, and then proceeds sequentially statement by statement, until the program ends. At any point in time while your program is running, the program is keeping track of a lot of things: the value of the variables …
In the previous lesson, for simplicity, we initialized our class member data in the constructor using the assignment operator. For example: class Something { private: int m_value1 {}; double m_value2 {}; char m_value3 {}; public: Something() { // These are all assignments, not initializations m_value1 = 1; m_value2 = 2.2; …
